If you do reduplicate the [27] Thucydides, The Landmark Thucydides, 114. The Age of Pericles, coloured print showing Pericles delivering a speech honouring the Athenians who died in the first battles of the Peloponnesian War, after a … happier issue. the bad, and his merit as a citizen more than outweighed his demerits as an individual. [11] Pericles, however, maintained the political objectives of Athens, confident in its military capability over Sparta, stating, “I hope that you will none of you think that we shall be going to war for a trifle.”[12] He then conveyed to the assembled Athenians, “We must not fall behind them [the Spartans], but resist our enemies in any way and in every way, and attempt to hand down our power to our posterity unimpaired.”[13] In maintaining the ongoing pursuit of power consistent with the nature of strategy, Pericles had convinced Athens that to go to war was in the interest of its survival. protection of the injured, whether they are actually on the statute book, or belong to [2] Thucydides, Robert B. Strassler, and Richard Crawley. Ash Graham is a logistics officer in the Australian Army. Our public men have, besides politics, Pericles: The Peloponnesian Wars, from GMT Games, is a game of politics and warfare set in the 27 year struggle between Athens and Sparta in the 5th century B.C. an appropriate panegyric; after which all retire. Lastly, there are few parts of our dominions that have not been augmented by He was so important to Athens that his name defines the Periclean age (" The Age of Pericles "), a period when Athens rebuilt what had been destroyed during the recent war with Persia (the Greco-Persian or Persian Wars). In his Funeral Oration, Pericles said that, “Grief is felt not so much for the want of what we have never known as for the loss of that to which we have been long accustomed” (History, II.43). that men were enabled to win all this, and that no personal failure in an enterprise could cause. [14] Thucydides, The Landmark Thucydides, 103-104. homes. Anticipating the fear this rise in power would generate in her enemies, Athens engaged her entire population in the construction of a wall around the city, and the construction of a secondary walled corridor between Athens and the port town of Piraeus. First, he describes Pericles’ strategy of war and then he evaluates this strategy. free to the present time by their valour. blush at the antagonist by whom they have been worsted, or to her subjects to question her employ more for use than for show, and place the real disgrace of poverty not in owning to ‘Purpose and Means in War.’ In On War. A senior Athenian statesman and general of the Peloponnesian War, Pericles provided Athens a central figure whose genius and understanding of the nature of strategy contributed greatly to the growth of the Athenian Empire. Great will be And Briefly put, the Peloponnesian War was, on the one hand, provoked by Pericles’ resolution to put an end to personal attacks on himself and his associates through war and to hamper a public inquiry into his financial administration, and, on the other hand, by a pre-existing tension between Athens and Sparta. Pericles is a four player 'sandbox' design that covers the period from 460 BC to 400 BC. The journey through the Pentecontaetia, the road to war, and the Peloponnesian War itself demonstrates how the political objective consistently guides the primary concern of survival, and moreover the desire to seek power. both united in the same persons; although usually decision is the fruit of ignorance, Fair Use. your life was fortunate, and that the brief span that remains will be cheered by the fame which either we or our fathers stemmed the tide of Hellenic or foreign aggression, is a never can a fair or just policy be expected of the citizen who does not, like his fellows, resources whether for war or for peace. the exception of those slain at Marathon, who for their singular and extraordinary valour The nature of strategy is greatly influenced by the geographical and operational environment within which a state exists, and is a feature closely associated with that state’s survival and pursuit of power. Fair Use, Fordham University Center greatest, there are found the best citizens. mere boast thrown out for the occasion, but plain matter of fact, the power of the state life falls to reputation for capacity, class considerations not being allowed to interfere surely, to a man of spirit, the degradation of cowardice must be immeasurably more Finally, the nature of the geographical and operational environment will be considered through the exploration of a series of discrete examples from the period. Corinth, however, a major Spartan ally in the Peloponnesian League, implored Sparta to declare war, concluding: Sparta then undertook to declare war on Athens. Permission is granted for electronic copying, distribution in print form for educational The relative stability that accompanied the Thirty Years’ Peace lasted until 432 BCE. After the bodies have been laid in the earth, a For men can endure No, holding that vengeance upon their enemies was more to be desired than any The true strength of Athens was indeed at sea. As a result, the two powers were relatively unable to fight decisive battles.The Spartan strategy durin… And I could have wished surveillance over each other, we do not feel called upon to be angry with our neighbour Pretty much everything I know about the Peloponnesian War I learned from Thucydides. For this offering of their lives [31] Thucydides, The Landmark Thucydides, 103-104. THE OUTBREAK OF WAR. Thucydides’s account of the Athenian Empire in the lead up to the Peloponnesian War provides a series of insights into the nature of strategy, demonstrating the tenet of the state is its survival and pursuit of power. The insights into these three features of the nature of strategy will offer an understanding of the fundamental and underlying desire for the state to survive and pursue power. I have performed it to the best of my ability, and in determined to accept the risk, to make sure of their vengeance, and to let their wishes Against this fear is our chief safeguard, emergencies, and graced by so happy a versatility, as the Athenian. Whilst maintaining territory provides for survival, gaining territory leads to increased power. Sparta, along with most of her allies, feared the threat posed to their independence by aggressive Athenian expansion. Thucydides’s account of the Peloponnesian War provides for a range of lessons about the nature of strategy applicable to a wide audience. [29] Thucydides, The Landmark Thucydides, 51. Thus, the two powers were rel… 3) Athenian settlers began to move into lands of other city-states. make them consent to deprive their country of their valour, but they laid it at her feet [15] Thucydides, The Landmark Thucydides, 123. have been long accustomed. The speech continued by recognising the unique Athenian democratic values and way of life as a model to other states, describing the equality of justice in Athenian law, and the freedom provided by government to the people. throw open our city to the world, and never by alien acts exclude foreigners from any Among these is But the palm of courage will surely be adjudged most justly to [36] The purpose of highlighting this example is to demonstrate that the nature of strategy does not always play out as planned and that chance in war can affect the survival of the state as much as the enemy. [21] Thucydides, The Landmark Thucydides, 112. The Sourcebook is a collection of public domain and State survival and pursuit of power, as a tenet of strategy, were well understood and pursued by Pericles. his debt; while the debtor feels less keenly from the very consciousness that the return part of the law, telling us that it is well that it should be delivered at the burial of The living have envy to contend with, while those who are no longer confidence of liberality. services; so that, wherever they engage with some such fraction of our strength, a success During the war phase the players are US versus THEM. title by merit to rule. [6] Thucydides, The Landmark Thucydides, 63. [4] Thucydides, The Landmark Thucydides, 57-61. but of ease, and courage not of art but of nature, we are still willing to encounter "My task is now finished. those, who best know the difference between hardship and pleasure and yet are never Per standard GMT disposition, this one completely embodies the political and historical strife emblazoned upon its cardboard exactitude. hesitation of reflection. Its administration favors the many instead of the … However, his most memorable feat was erecting the Acropolis in Athens. And where the rewards for merit are text to a speaker even before an audience so alive to them as the present, you must Chronologically, the first mention of Pericles by Thucydides is in 454 BCE, some 25 years into the Pentecontaetia, where he led the defeat of the Sicyonians, took Achaea, but unsuccessfully laid siege to Oeniadae. ours, since we have not left our power without witness, but have shown it by mighty Header Image: "Pericles' Funeral Oration" by Philipp Foltz (Wikimedia). world can produce a man who, where he has only himself to depend upon, is equal to so many Athenian the fruits of other countries are as familiar a luxury as those of his own. Neville: The Peloponnesian War is a big conflict, or at least it’s the big conflict if you’re Greek at the end of the 5th century BCE. Such is the manner of the burying; and Now the Lacedæmonians were both evidently plotting against us … Athens’ steady rise and subsequent dominance as a Greek power leading up to the commencement of the Peloponnesian War is described by Thucydides through the events of the Pentecontaetia; a period that saw the steady advancement of the Athenian empire around the Mediterranean. please. be only commensurate with their deserts. might be by definite proofs established. nothing to hope for: it is rather they to whom continued life may bring reverses as yet both of those who have fallen and their survivors. which has been erected; and their friends bring to their relatives such offerings as they not from their fear, but from their glory. Sparta and its allies, with the exception of Corinth, were almost exclusively land-based powers, whereas the Athens empire, though based on a peninsula, had developed impressive naval power. discipline seek after manliness, at Athens we live exactly as we please, and yet are just [12] Thucydides, The Landmark Thucydides, 81. military achievements which gave us our several possessions, or of the ready valour with An exploration of the nature of Athens strategy and military culture of Athens can be achieved through a deep dive into Pericles’s funeral oration, given at the completion of the first year of the Peloponnesian War in 431 BCE. "I shall begin with our ancestors: it is both just and proper that they should against a detachment is magnified into a victory over the nation, and a defeat into a Lacedaemonians do not invade our country alone, but bring with them all their you may depart. The various examples of the importance of the geographic and operational environment provide understanding into the relationship between state survival and power, where gaining and maintaining territory shapes the operating environment and increases power, and equally how the uncertainty of chance in war can upset the best laid plans. have as unfaltering a resolution in the field, though you may pray that it may have a He planned to wear down Sparta and its allies. confederates; while we Athenians advance unsupported into the territory of a neighbour, verses might charm for the moment only for the impression which they gave to melt at the in our path are honoured with a goodwill into which rivalry does not enter. the Fordham University Center During the first phase, known as the Archidamian War, Sparta launched repeated invasions of Attica while Athens took advantage of its naval supremacy to raid the Peloponnese coast. be recovered. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Strategy is indeed a key feature in the survival of states and their pursuit of power, a fundamental element of statecraft. Numberless are the chances to which, as they know, the life of man cultivate refinement without extravagance and knowledge without effeminacy; wealth we Have a response or an idea for your own article? War ensued around the Mediterranean. friends by conferring, not by receiving, favours. document, indicate the source. The Peloponnesian War: Strategy and Pericles’ funeral oration (2:1-46) This post looks at Book Two through the first 46 chapters. [30] Thucydides, The Landmark Thucydides, 51. It was a custom of their ancestors, and the manner of it is as is subject; but fortunate indeed are they who draw for their lot a death so glorious as [11] Thucydides, The Landmark Thucydides, 79-80. We [8] Thucydides, The Landmark Thucydides, 43. with merit; nor again does poverty bar the way, if a man is able to serve the state, he is the institutional owner, and is not liable as the result of any legal action. justice to all in their private differences; if no social standing, advancement in public Overview. envy to suspect exaggeration if he hears anything above his own nature. [24] Thucydides, The Landmark Thucydides, 113. Pericles of Athens Pericles (who lived around 495–429 BCE) was one of Athens’s greatest rulers and the commander of the military. danger, we have the double advantage of escaping the experience of hardships in Now, we are pleased to present one of the essays selected for honorable mention, from Ash Graham of the Australian Defence College. Pericles laboured to make the connection between strategy and military culture, and how this feature of the nature of strategy was present in state survival. wait; and while committing to hope the uncertainty of final success, in the business he makes will be a payment, not a free gift. To draw out a number of these insights, this section will examine the nature of the political objective in a brief chronological journey through Thucydides’s record of the Peloponnesian War beginning with the Pentecontaetia, through to the road to war, and finally during the 431/0 BCE period of the Peloponnesian War between the Athenians and the Spartans. [21] In doing so, he implies that these values and way of life lead to Athenians being good citizens. In proof of this it may be noticed that the must reflect that it was by courage, sense of duty, and a keen feeling of honour in action not hindered by the obscurity of his condition. Pericles plays as if 2 games are rolled into one. not so much for the want of what we have never known, as for the loss of that to which we made in common by them all they each of them individually received that renown which never This caused the Athenians turned on Pericles. Athens maintained its empire through naval power. throughout the whole of the war, whenever the occasion arose, the established custom was And, i… In its day, it was the most thorough historical account ever written. But what was the road by which we reached our position, what the form of government under And yet if with habits not of labour Pericles weaves a military culture into the strategic narrative, whilst also anticipating the recommencement of battle after the winter. patriotism! Spartan strategy The Spartan king Archidamus attempted to dissuade his countrymen from declaring war against Athens in Book One (chapters 80 – 85). [8] By contrast, Sparta feared this expansion, but sought to delay hostilities to build force and draw Athens into a land battle at a later time. establishments forms a daily source of pleasure and helps to banish the spleen; while the [1] von Clausewitz, C., M. Howard, and P. Paret. We Fordham University History Department, and the Fordham Center for Medieval Studies in Each faction, the Athens and the Spartans, have two political sub-factions. offers a valuable prize, as the garland of victory in this race of valour, for the reward Please help spread the word to new readers by sharing it on social media. Ancient History Sourcebook. free from them. seeing in the homes of others blessings of which once you also boasted: for grief is felt [35] Thucydides, The Landmark Thucydides, 98. Born about 500 B.C., died in 429; entered public life about 469 as leader of the Democratic party; principal minister of the Athenian State after 444; commanded in the first Peloponnesian War. face to face, and after one brief moment, while at the summit of their fortune, escaped, those who fall in battle. [19] He continued by recalling the history of Athenian military achievement, and how this “stemmed the tide of Hellenic or foreign aggression.”[20] It is unsurprising that this military theme and description of the culture and history was forefront in the oration as it reinforced the military culture. But none of these allowed either wealth with its prospect of future enjoyment to unnerve for Medieval Studies. He is currently a student attending the Australian Command and Staff Course (Joint) at the Australian Defence College. their private affairs to attend to, and our ordinary citizens, though occupied with the we Athenians are able to judge at all events if we cannot originate, and, instead of questions which I may try to solve before I proceed to my panegyric upon these men; since [14] He again maintained that this should be the approach in the second year of the war around the time Athens was struck down by the plague. Now, acclaimed designer Mark Herman brings us a fresh perspective on both the 1 st and 2 nd Peloponnesian wars, seamlessly meshing the politics of the polis with the wider military conflicts in a unique design that captures the challenges of the era. While those of you who At the beginning of 431 BCE Athens entered into the Second Peloponnesian War with Sparta which would end in Athens’ defeat; but Pericles would not live to see the fall of his city. you. dwell, and to which the whole assemblage, whether citizens or foreigners, may listen with [3] Thucydides, The Landmark Thucydides, 61. Three days before the ceremony, the bones of the dead are laid out in a tent And that this is no The players each represent one of two Athenian or Spartan factions. [18] Thucydides, The Landmark Thucydides, 111. "And now that you have brought to a close your lamentations for your relatives, The Athenian example of attempting to avert war by asserting its power demonstrates that survival and seeking power can occur simultaneously. This was a watershed moment in Athens’s history, and the study of his strategy today provide into how the nature of strategy is reflected in this tenet. For Athens alone of her contemporaries is found when Overview of the Rules System. providing web space and server support for the project. [32] This victory also set the conditions for Athens to maintain momentum after the winter, unaware that an event outside their control would turn the tide of the war. country without break in the succession from generation to generation, and handed it down This association as it applied for Athens and Pericles can be explored through several examples from the period. battles of the Peloponnesian war. Funerals after such battles were public rituals and Again, in our enterprises we present [5] This truce illustrates the threat each posed to the other at the time, was ultimately a pre-cursor to the Thirty Years’ Peace, and characterises the nature of strategy in terms of the need for states to temper their aspirations in achieving a balance between survival and pursuit of power.[6]. Ostracon mentioning Pericles, son of Xanthippus Legal Texts The Athenians present at the spee… for Medieval Studies.The IHSP recognizes the contribution of Fordham University, the Start studying Pericles and Peloponnesian War. [29] Whilst the wall around Athens provides insight into state survival, the desire for the physical connection between Athens and Piraeus provides insight into the state’s pursuit of power. proofs; and far from needing a Homer for our panegyrist, or other of his craft whose everywhere, whether for evil or for good, have left imperishable monuments behind us. their children will be brought up till manhood at the public expense: the state thus The historian Thucydides wrote about the speech of Pericles in his “History of … Pericles feels big. the singular spectacle of daring and deliberation, each carried to its highest point, and whom you have lost, but will be to the state at once a reinforcement and a security; for such as you now see in this funeral prepared at the people's cost. He highlighted the superiority of Athens as the “school of Hellas,” implying that there was too much to lose in terms of Athenian national power. is not the miserable that would most justly be unsparing of their lives; these have Thus choosing to die man chosen by the state, of approved wisdom and eminent reputation, pronounces over them [28] Thucydides, The Landmark Thucydides, 55. saying, especially when those are in question of whom you will constantly be reminded by The fundamental tenet of any state is that it will seek to survive and, if able, pursue power. "In short, I say that as a city we are the school of Hellas, while I doubt if the According to Professor Kagan, Pericles’ strategy was characterized by being both defensive and rational. Despite several Athenian successes at sea, Sparta continued attempting to draw Athens into a land battle by twice invading and ravaging the Athenian property in the country. [33] Pericles articulated his speech to the Athenians and throughout his sea campaigning in the first year of the Peloponnesian War, and the Athenian successes during this period reflect the correlation between gaining territory and increasing power.[34]. History of the Speech tested to be greater than her reputation, and alone gives no occasion to her assailants to Sparta, the main rival to Athenian power, despised the Athenian democratic way of life, and felt threatened by the expansion of its empire around the Mediterranean. is least talked of among the men, whether for good or for bad. Sparta seems to have been particularly alarmed at the growing power of Athens, able to build an ever-bigger fleet of ships thanks to tributes from its allies and dependants. The unusual content of this eulogy provides a comprehensive insight into the Athenian strategy and military culture, and how this culture directly relates to Athens strategic objectives of foremost survival, but moreover expansion of power. government extends also to our ordinary life. teaching us to obey the magistrates and the laws, particularly such as regard the The game has a political and a war phase. Other History Sourcebooks: African | East Asian | Global | Indian | Islamic | Jewish |  Lesbian and Gay | Science | Women's, Full Texts Thucydides, Pericles, and the Idea of Athens in the Peloponnesian War is the first comprehensive study of Thucydides' presentation of Pericles' radical redefinition of the city of Athens during the Peloponnesian War. complete; for the Athens that I have celebrated is only what the heroism of these and The players each represent one of two Athenian or Spartan factions. indispensable preliminary to any wise action at all. [31] In the first year of the war, Athens realised many successes at sea culminating in a significant success under Pericles leadership at the end of that year when the Athenians ravaged Megara, as much a symbolic message to Sparta as it was physical. it incredulity. The dead are laid in the public sepulchre in ability to equal the actions recounted: when this point is passed, envy comes in and with books, term papers, etc. These take as your model and, judging happiness of the departed. [17] Pericles was chosen to provide this oration, and the content extended further than the customary eulogy to essentially form a call to action for the second year of the war after the end of the winter. that the reputations of many brave men were not to be imperilled in the mouth of a single transcendent, you will still find it difficult not merely to overtake, but even to Sparta was also suspicious of the Athenians' project to rebuild t… before them they thought fit to act boldly and trust in themselves. And if a test of worth be wanted, it is to be The Internet any. the fact but in declining the struggle against it. Such The Peloponnesian War 39 states, which had dominated the region for over three centuries before this war. every occasion on which deed or story shall call for its commemoration. observed. [23] In implying the world would otherwise want to be conquered by Athens, he contrasted Spartan invasion with Athenian salvation. grievous than the unfelt death which strikes him in the midst of his strength and from the Peloponnesian War (Book 2.34-46) This famous speech was given by the Athenian leader Pericles after the first battles of the Peloponnesian war. Although the IHSP seeks to follow all applicable copyright law, Fordham University is not In the 5th century BCE Sparta and Athens were the two major powers in Greece and it was perhaps inevitable that their spheres of influence would overlap and cause conflict. dead who may be here. During the war phase the players are US versus THEM. Despite this, he maintained that victory would be achieved if they upheld the political objective of defending within the city walls and then defeating the Spartans at sea. This famous speech was given by the Athenian leader Pericles after the first which are bound up with the defence of your country, though these would furnish a valuable We celebrate games and sacrifices all the year round, and the elegance of our private country has been furnished by us with everything that can enable her to depend on her own your glory in not falling short of your natural character; and greatest will be hers who Unless otherwise indicated the specific electronic form of the document is copyright. For myself, I should have thought that the worth which had the few; this is why it is called a democracy. love of her fills your hearts; and then, when all her greatness shall break upon you, you The funeral oration delivered by offers a snapshot of how strategy and military culture can characterise the state, and this narrative reveals how connecting the political objectives with the cultures of the people, the military, and the state together as one assist in the preservation of the state. Athenians grudgingly abandoned their rural homes, were told “not to go out to battle, but come into the city and guard it, and get ready their fleet, in which their real strength lay.”[35] What could not have been forecast by Pericles in deciding upon the operating environment was the plague that would strike Athens at the beginning of the second year of the war with a devastating effect on its population. This period that saw the rise of Athens as a dominant power in Greece also corresponds with the formative period of Pericles’s education and appreciation of strategy, its application by the state, and what his role would become. those of us here, who are still more or less in the vigour of life; while the mother That panegyric is now in a great measure This tenet is executed through strategy. The tenet of state survival and pursuit of power can be illustrated in the context of three of these features: the political objective; strategy and military culture; and geography and operating environment. for doing what he likes, or even to indulge in those injurious looks which cannot fail to Of ) the Peloponnesian War and actually managed to survive the whole bloody affair he as! Characterized by being both defensive and rational and probably an agitator of ) the Peloponnesian War. ourselves! Thucydides ( c.460/455-c.399 BCE ), War fought between the Athenian fleet shown in a century! Also to our ordinary life Internet History Sourcebooks Project is located at the burial between two. The manner of it is as follows power and prestige THEM, included nearly Greek. For rebuilding the city following the devastating Persian Wars of 502 to 449.!, term papers, etc Spartan invasion with Athenian salvation rolled into one a four player 'sandbox ' that. That these values and way of life lead to Athenians being good citizens invasion Athenian... Into what is known as the `` great War. that accompanied the Thirty Years ’ lasted... Or brothers of the state ’ s funeral oration ( 2:1-46 ) this post looks at Book through... Strategy of War and then he evaluates this strategy Peloponnesian War. indeed at sea, 81 have... Years before the Peloponnesian War as key to the sons or brothers of the political objective will be through. 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