Russia, Ukraine, Belorussia, Transcaucasia (present-day Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan) form Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. In fact, Nazi rule was at first interpreted as a victory for the communists, in that capitalism had been driven to its last resource, of naked force, and must soon collapse. The new workers’ stratum, given much money and prestige, reflected the increasingly caste-oriented nature of Stalinist society, of which the bureaucracy-intelligentsia was the most notable feature. Japan gets some territorial gain in the pacific. ... From about 1928-1953 the Soviet Union was a Stalinist dictatorship. Despite deep-seated mistrust and hostility between the Soviet Union and the Western democracies, Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 created an instant alliance between the Soviets and the two greatest powers in what the Soviet leaders had … The second, which came later, was the claim that they had in fact secured unprecedented increases in production. The effects were long-lasting. It was only then revealed by Soviet economists that the true rate of growth in production over the period (including that of the Second Five-Year Plan, slightly less strongly stressing heavy industry, which now followed) was only about 3.5 percent per annum, about the same as that of Germany over the same span of time. During the Depression, unemployment in capitalist nations enabled the Soviet Union to import thousands of engineers. But while these trials received considerable publicity they were not made the central feature of Soviet politics. Zinovyev, Kamenev, and several score of their followers were arrested and sentenced in closed court to jail terms as having “political responsibility” for (though not yet direct involvement in) the murder. On February 18, 1937, Stalin’s old ally and Politburo colleague Ordzhonikidze committed suicide. The USSR also experienced a major famine in 1946–48 due to war devastation that cost an estimated 1 to 1.5 million lives as well as secondary population losses due to reduced fertility. 1914: World War I breaks out in the Balkans, pitting Britain, France, Italy, Russia, Serbia, USA and Japan against Austria, Germany and Turkey (400,000 Russian soldiers die in 1914 alone) 1916: Russia has already suffered almost two million deaths in WWI . In the republics the charges in many cases were now dealt with in secret, and the main themes of intensive public propaganda invariably included “bourgeois nationalist” plotting. Сборная России по футболу", "Кузнецов Анатолий- Биография - Актеры советского и российского кино", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1930_in_the_Soviet_Union&oldid=972178165, Articles needing additional references from August 2020, All articles needing additional references, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 10 August 2020, at 16:32. On that date Kirov was assassinated in the Smolny building at Leningrad, ostensibly by a disgruntled communist, whose access to his victim had been arranged by senior local officials of the NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs), as the secret police, reorganized in 1934 under Genrikh Yagoda, was now called. The following lists events that happened during 1930 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Development of the Soviet Union in the 1920's and 1930's Introduction The Soviet Union is also officially known as the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR). Stalin went on record in favour of the concessions to the more moderate policy proposed at the Congress. At the lower level, of the 2.3 million people who had been party members in 1935, just under half went to execution or died in labour camps. Over the next two years almost all their senior colleagues were arrested, tried in secret, and executed: 3 of the 5 marshals, 13 of the 15 army commanders, 50 of the 57 corps commanders, and 6 of the 7 fleet admirals and admirals grade I. During the 1930’s the public began to feel the effects of the Great Depression, many designers were restricted in experimenting with new fashions due to the fall in the economy and the rise in employment. The 16th Party Congress signaled the end of the Right “deviation” as the 15th Congress had marked that of the Left. On August 7, 1932, the death penalty was introduced for theft of state or collective property; this law was immediately applied on a large scale. In the Communist Party the Stalinist grip had become complete in 1930 with the expulsion of Bukharin, Tomsky, and Rykov from the Politburo and Rykov’s replacement as chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars (the leading group of government administrators). In all not fewer than some 5 million people were arrested, of whom no more than 10 percent survived. In 1936 a new constitution (often called the Stalin constitution) came into effect, guaranteeing all manner of human rights. The cultural world also suffered: several hundred writers were executed or died in camps, including such figures as Osip Mandelshtam, Boris Pilnyak, and Isaak Babel. At the same time, pay and rations were linked to productivity. A new group, headed by Grigory (Yury) Pyatakov, was now arrested, figuring in the second great trial in January 1937. This time around, disillusionment has come a … In 1933, he created the Central Purge Commission, which publicly investigated and tried members of the Communist Party for treason. These were all fruitless, being exposed and denounced on short order. Major events in the last 100 years. By 1932 there seem to have been at least one million such prisoners, and by 1935 there were more than two million, with camps located largely in the Arctic (such as Kolyma and Vorkuta) but also in Kazakhstan and elsewhere. Hitler’s accession to power in Germany had been facilitated by Moscow’s refusal to let the German Communist Party cooperate against him with the Social Democrats and others. Veterans march on Washington—most leave after Senate rejects payment of cash bonuses; others removed by troops under Douglas MacArthur. Under the Secret Protocols of the Pact (as amended later in the month) the Soviet Union received western Ukraine and western Belorussia, together with the three Baltic states, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Stalin's Industralization drive … Plans outlined by Jospeh Stalin in 1928 for the development of the Soviet Unions economy. Over the next few years opposition was reduced to a few party groups who clandestinely discussed the removal of Stalin and the reversal of the disastrous economic policies: Sergey Syrtsov (candidate member of the Politburo), Besso Lominadze, and others in 1930; Mikhail Ryutin and other Rightists in 1931–32; Aleksandr Smirnov and others in 1932–33. The plan may be considered in two main aspects. The plenum’s main decision was the arrest of Bukharin and Rykov. This was a misapprehension. The method as stated was no more than a rationalization (in the Taylorian or Fordian sense) of the arrangements for clearing debris, keeping machines ready, and so on, and in fact it involved a large effort by a support team of de-emphasized assistants. Stalin’s followers also progressively took over the Spanish government, especially concerning themselves with hunting down local Trotskyites. Over the next four years the centre of political life in the U.S.S.R. was the exposure and suppression of ever-increasing circles of alleged plotters against the regime, all of them linked in one way or another with the Kirov case. Top. Kirov’s death was followed at once by a decree on the summary trial of terrorists. And these cases were presented as the crucial element in the country’s public life. February 18, 1930. Preferential rations for “shock brigades” were introduced, and in 1932 the then very short food supplies were put under the direct control of the factory managers through the introduction of a kind of truck-system for allocation to workers on the basis of their performance. This reflected the Soviet desire of territorial gains. Even in 1940 just over two-thirds of the population was classified as rural and just under one-third as urban. • General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union – Joseph Stalin But there was certainly an important element of genuine enthusiasts, and the remainder were at least obliged to behave as such. As Stalin noted, no deviations remained to be combated. In literature the dogmatic RAPPists were discredited, and a new Union of Soviet Writers held its first Congress in 1934 under the new doctrine of “Socialist Realism.” Although the new policy was less overtly restrictive of the arts, this too was used for the rest of the Stalin period as a criterion for silencing or purging independent voices. Meanwhile, not only in the U.S.S.R. but in the communist movement the world over, “Stakhanovite” became the favourite word for a “shock worker” in any economic—or political—field. And there were, from Stalin’s point of view, further signs of insubordination. In March 1938 came the third Moscow Trial. Thereafter the history of the U.S.S.R. until 1953 was, generally speaking, confined to Stalin’s decisions and the attempts of his subordinates to gain his confidence. In July 1936 came the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War against insurgents led by General Francisco Franco and heavily supported by Germany and Italy. Nevertheless, during this period a number of important industrial enterprises were completed, though there was much waste as well. Their political effect was different. By the 1930s, and thanks to the Depression, that faith in globalisation’s ability to spread the wealth evenly had shattered. Meanwhile in the communities of “Russia Abroad” the experimental impulse of Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes gave way in the 1930s to works that revealed only a tenuous sense of Russian identity. 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